Taoyuan Old City

Rammed earth walls were built around Taoyuan, then known as Taozaiyuan (桃仔園), in 1809, three years after fighting between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou settler groups left much of the settlement in ruins. Continued feuding prompted a rebuilding in stone in 1834, paid for by local merchants and gentry rather than the Qing government, with four gates opening onto the roads to Taipei, Nankan, Hsinchu, and Daxi. The walls were demolished in 1904 under the Japanese street rectification program (市區改正), leaving the four Tudigong temples founded beside the gates as the only surviving markers of the old perimeter, with Jingfu Temple at the heart of the old walled city.